However, once policy makers realized that not all Indigenous Australians wanted to conform to their way of being, policies began to change. In 1967, a national referendum granted citizenship to Aboriginal Australians. Despite this referendum, Aboriginal Australians sought to establish their own identity outside of European notions of Aboriginality. In examining how Indigenous Australians have come to define themselves, the author describes two modes of Aboriginal identity: local and pan-Aboriginal. According to European classifications, indigenous populations were considered a homogeneous group. However, defining Indigenous Australians in this way diminishes the geographic, linguistic and cultural diversity that existed within these populations. According to Tonkinson, “despite the many cultural similarities between groups, it is the differences that are most visible and most significant from an Indigenous perspective… [Indigenous] peoples often cite the uniqueness of their language, their traditional territory and their kinship to affirm their [local] identity” (193). Pan-Aboriginality is the “construction of a common culture from a situation of cultural diversity”, which, according to Tonkinson, is “essential for building solidarity within a minority population and providing it with a political force in the Australian nation. (215). By uniting in a common struggle, Aboriginal people have