A brief description of the companies and individuals involved in the violations of the law. Among the companies hit by this insider trading ring was International Business Machines (IBM). IBM has a rich corporate history dating back over 100 years. International Business Machines (2008) states that the current company was founded in 1911, with the merger of three 19th-century companies: the Tabulated Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Company of America; to form the Computing-Tabulated-Recording company. Continuing, Thomas J. Watson Sr. joined the company in 1914, and it was renamed International Business Machines in 1924 (p. 3). In 1936, IBM provided the equipment to the federal government, in support of the Social Security Act. (P.10). IBM had to close its international operations during World War II, but this capacity was used for wartime production (P. 15). Shortly after the war, in 1949, IBM promoted diversity, philanthropy, and began focusing on recruiting minorities, women, and the disabled (P. 15). In 1952, Thomas Watson Jr. became president, focusing on electronic computing technologies and codifying unwritten culture and norms into rules and programs (p. 29). In the 1960s, Watson Jr., to stay ahead of the competition, made a bet on the company in 360° core computing systems and found resounding success (p. 47). Throughout the 1970s, IBM continued to develop mainframe computers, and in the 1980s developed the first personal computers (P. 61). In the 1990s and 2000s, IBM began to focus on new growth opportunities in services and software (International Business Machines, 2008, p. 73). Other large companies affected include: Galleon Group LLC and New Castle Funds LLC. In January 1997, after working for 11 years at Needham & Company, analyzing the technology and health sectors, Raj Rajaratnam founded Galleon Group (Bernheim, April 1997). According to Rajaratnam, Galleon's fund generated exceptional returns throughout the 1990s tech boom, with the firm's flagship hedge fund growing 93% in 1999 (2013). When the tech bubble ended, Galleon's funds did not suffer losses like many other funds, according to Berenson (November 2009). Additionally, Galleon did not experience a down year until 2008 (November 2009). After Rajaratnam's arrest in October 2009, according to Pulliam and Zuckerman, Galleon experienced a huge surge in withdrawal requests, to the tune of $1.3 billion of just $3.7 billion under management (October 2009)..