Flying squirrels belong to the subfamily Petauristinae. They are arboreal and nocturnal. They do not actually fly, but glide between trees using a slippery membrane (patagium). This membrane connects the front legs to the rear legs (Parr, 2003). In other words, a hairy parachute-like membrane extends from the wrist to the ankle. The flaps of skin connecting the limbs to the body provide a wing-like surface. All species have reddish eyes, brighter in larger species than in smaller ones which can be quite dark. The subfamily presents serious taxonomic complications, with little agreement among mammal researchers (Parr, 2003). Giant flying squirrels (Petaurista sp.) have the greatest diversity in terms of population richness in Southeast Asia. This species is large, averaging 422 mm in length. The red giant flying squirrel is thought to mate twice a year and young are usually born in March or August in litters of 2 to 3 (Parr, 2003). The Indochina ground squirrel (Menetes berdmorei) is part of the Sciuridae family. The family has only 29 species divided into 14 genera in Thailand (Lekagul and McNeely, 1977, 1988; Par, 2003). Characteristics of the Indochinese ground squirrel are a black mid-dorsal stripe, two or three black stripes on the sides and reddish-brown fur on the back (Lekagul and McNeely, 1977, 1988; Par, 2003). Identification is, however, more difficult during the dry season, when their colors are much less bright. They have been found throughout Southeast Asia, from eastern Myanmar to Vietnam. As a ground squirrel, it is rarely found on trees, but spends most of its time in the thick undergrowth of rainforests. (Walston and Duckworth, 2008). The size of squirrels varies depending on the species. There are three types of...... middle of paper ...... with at least one restriction enzyme and sequencing the ends of the resulting fragments using an Illumina genome analyzer in order to sample the genomes of several individuals in a population (Baird et al., 2008). The main advantage of RAD is that it provides information on a very large number of loci across the genome and on the same loci in each sampled individual. The current method for accelerating targeted sequencing from ancient and highly degraded DNA includes linking multiplex PCR directly to sample barcoding and high-throughput sequencing. The method creates the ability to simultaneously generate multiple kilobases of overlapping sequence data from 31 ancient cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) specimens (Stiller et al., 2010). It seems likely that in the future, high-throughput sequencing technologies will have many advantages for the study of ancient DNA..