Turntablism is the art of manipulating sound expressed on a turntable. He is known for his popular "baby scratch" technique which involves moving the record back and forth to create a mixed synthesizer noise. Although very popular due to the various techniques created, turntables are relatively new instruments introduced in the last two decades. Knowledge of turntable modification as well as hip-hop culture is necessary to understand the turntablism subculture. Turntables originally derived from the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and have been improvised since its announcement. Thomas Edison, a famous scientist, created the phonograph, an innovation that could essentially reproduce sounds. Edison's motivation was to simplify message transmission and daily activities. Although another invention was conceived in France, Edison's was completely original. In 1881, Emile Berliner, a German scientist, created the gramophone, which was better than the phonograph, and played rubber records. This replaced the use of cylinders and was optimized for multiple playbacks unlike the phonograph. Records were mass-produced and easier to create, and their popularity (which had only germinated in the 1950s) spread like wildfire. Their inventions made playing records possible and Emile made it easier by simplifying the use of records. The simplification of distribution has facilitated the cultural progress of innovation and creation; this allowed more people to access such technology in the future. Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa, Kool DJ Herc, Herbie Hancock and John Cage are some of the most influential people in hip-hop culture. Grandmaster Flash and Afrika Bambaataa are one of the first artists to make music in relation to hip-hop culture. A...... middle of paper...... Oregon Public Broadcasting. Oregon Public Broadcasting. and Web. October 16, 2013 “Defining hip-hop culture. » Global awareness through hip-hop culture.com. Global consciousness through hip-hop culture. and Web. November 11, 2013.Newman, Mark. “History of turntableism”. np Pedestrian. January 3, 2003. nd Web. October 16, 2013Pray, Doug, Director. "Scratch." Images of palm trees. 2001. Cinema. November 10, 2013. “History of turntables. » Enjoy the music. Enjoythemusic.com. and Web. November 5, 2013. “Turntablism, a brief history.” Sensei Haus Inc. SenseiHausInc. and Web. October 16, 2013 “Turntablism and Audio Art Study”. Canadian Radio-Television. Canadian Radio-Television. 2009. Internet. November 11, 2013 White, Miles. “The phonograph turntable and performance practice in hip-hop music.” Marlyand University. University of Maryland. Internet. October 16 2013