Table of contentsIntroductionMethods and strategiesManufacturing mediated adhesivesFuture perspectivesIntroductionThe periodontium consists of a fibrous periodontal ligament that attaches the cementum of the tooth to the alveolar bone . Most of the periodontal ligament contains neurovascular elements. The cyclic masticatory forces between two mineralized bodies are distributed by the relative movement between the tooth and the bone with the help of these soft tissues. These short-term physiological forces allow continuous adaptation of the bone-PDL-cementum complex. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why violent video games should not be banned”?Get an original essayIn particular, angulated PDLs with spatiotemporal organizations between the teeth and alveolar bone contribute significantly to absorption and the distribution of masticatory/occlusal stresses, as well as the optimization of the remodeling of mineralized tissues for tooth-periodontium complexes. Therefore, PDL orientations perpendicular/oblique to tooth root surfaces contribute to the functionalization and revitalization of biofunctional tooth-supporting structures. Spatiotemporal compartmentalization is an essential requirement for multiple tissue regeneration and functional restoration at the micrometer scale. However, instabilities in several tissue interfaces or loss of their skeletal supporting functions can be induced by diseases or traumatic injuries of the musculoskeletal system. Periodontitis, a widespread infectious inflammatory disease, generally induces tissue destruction of the periodontal complex in humans. This disease is initiated by bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which can stimulate cytokines to signal precursor cells to differentiate and activate osteoclast cells and/or the periodontal inflammatory process through bacterial biofilm. Therapeutic knowledge is currently limited to submicron-scale interfaces and systemic compartmentalization to mimic periodontal structures and functions for restoration of dental support functions. This brief review highlights the importance of 3D printing techniques and approaches in the regeneration of ligament-bone complexes. by regulating spatio-temporal cellular organizations. Some techniques currently used to produce scaffolds are direct 3D printing, fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, etc. The benefits of using 3D printing include the ability to fabricate versatile scaffolds with complex shapes capable of homogeneous cellular distribution and the ability to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the availability of biomaterials with the desired stability and properties for 3D printing of scaffolds is limited depending on the printing technology used. Another disadvantage is the production time required to manufacture the scaffolds, which increases significantly as the scaffold design becomes more precise and complex. Methods and StrategiesHeat-Mediated 3D Manufacturing Thermal energy manufacturing combines prefabricated polymer layers into simple three-dimensional structures by raising the polymer above its glass transition temperature and fusing the softened layers with applied pressure.11 This includes several techniques such as selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, 3D plotting, etc. Selective laser sintering/meltingThe University of Texas developed in1989 the selective melting process laser sintering (SLS) technique. The CO2 laser beam is used in this technique which selectively fuses a powder material by scanning cross sections generated from a 3D digital description of the part across the surface of a powder bed. After each cross section is scanned, the powder bed is lowered one layer thickness, a new layer of material is applied on top, and the process is repeated until the part is complete. The integration of computational design and SLS techniques enables the ability to fabricate scaffolds that have anatomically shaped external architectures and porous interior structure. FDA clearance was recently granted for the use of SLS to process medical-grade polyether ether ketone (PEEK) to manufacture custom craniofacial implants. More recently, SLM was used to create the first custom-made, implant-ready titanium mandible that accepts dental implants to support a mandibular prosthesis.13Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM)This technique uses a moving nozzle to extrude a fiber of polymer material from which the physical model is built layer by layer. Polylactic acid (PLA) is currently used in FDM mainly due to its biocompatibility and good thermal and physical properties. When primary human fibroblasts were cultured in these scaffolds, they proliferated and produced extracellular matrix14, Hutmacher et al. evaluated the compressive strength of each printed group and it was consistent with that of human cancellous bone. Although FDM exhibits high pattern resolution in the xy plane, it is limited in the z direction by the diameter of the extruded polymer filament which defines the layer thickness and corresponding pore height. Additionally, high processing temperatures limit biomaterials compatible with the method. However, FDM capabilities are expanding with new developments such as multiphase jet solidification (MJS), a technique that allows the simultaneous extrusion of multiple molten materials.16 Light-Mediated FabricationA UV laser is used to solidify regions exposed polymers while leaving the remaining areas in the air. liquid form. The moving table then descends a sufficient amount to cover the solid polymer with another layer of liquid resin. The process is repeated to create the desired shape. As with SLS, the resolution of stereolithography is limited to approximately 250 μm by the diameter of the laser beam, although small spot laser systems have demonstrated the production of smaller features (70 μm).17 Two irradiation methods different methods can be applied to stereolithography: based on stereolithography and digital light projection stereolithography. The laser-based method is a direct writing approach in which a computer-manipulated laser beam fabricates structures vector by vector, from bottom to top. In digital light projection, the UV light source is projected onto a transparent surface at the bottom of a tank, which contains the photosensitive resin; an entire layer of material is simultaneously polymerized upon exposure to light. In early attempts involving this approach, a physical mask was applied to define the specific pattern to be illuminated during light projection stereolithography.18 Stereolithography allows significant design freedom and is capable of fabricating minimal present sizes on the micrometric scale; although some stereolithography systems are capable of preparing structures with characteristics ≤.