All participants who participated in this study found their current jobs, as well as their previous jobs in co-ethnic workplaces, through networking. It was either through a friend or family member. With the exception of two participants who were recently promoted to supervisors, other participants received either minimum wage or less than minimum wage when employed for pay. A woman (Hina) previously employed in a restaurant earned $6 an hour. The literature has also identified that workers recruited through informal means are subject to lower wages than those working in the traditional labor market (Catanzarite and Aguilera 2002). One of the other reasons people would work for money, below minimum wage, is because of their inability to work legally in Canada. The importance of closed social and ethnic networks is significant in the provision of informal labor to any industrial society and should not be underestimated (Catanzarite and Aguilera 2002). The reason why many immigrants are employed as low-wage informal workers in Canada is due to their inability to obtain employment through legal methods due to their illegal status (Catanzarite and Aguilera, 2002). For employees, being paid in cash is a major relief because it provides them with tax-free income and the freedom to avoid filing tedious tax returns (Kwong, 1997). For employers, cash payments become a means of controlling employees. An example would be an immigrant working for money and wanting to sponsor a family member into the country (Kwong, 1997). This would require the applicant to demonstrate the ability to support the newcomer. In addition, the applicant must provide proof that there is a job available for the newcomer. These two... middle of document ......ation.Ram, M., Abbas, T., Sanghera, B., Barlow, G., Jones, T. (2001). “Apprentice entrepreneurs”? Ethnic minority workers in the independent catering sector. Work Employment Society, 15. Reitz, JG and Sklar, SM (1997). Culture, race, and economic assimilation of immigrants. Sociological Forum, 12(2). Sanders, J., Nee, V. and Sernau, S. (2002). Asian immigrants depend on social connections in a multi-ethnic labor market. Social Forces, 81(1)Sanders, JM and Nee.V. (1987). “Limits of ethnic solidarity in the economy of enclaves. » American Sociological Review 52: 745-67. Smith, R.A. and Elliott, J.R. (2002). Does ethnic concentration influence employees' access to authority? An examination of contemporary urban labor markets. SocialForces, 81, (1).Zhou, Min (2006). The importance of ethnicity in immigrant businesses. Sociological Forum, 21(3).