Deviance is the failure to accept and obey the policies established by a society, in which case an action is usually taken, often resulting in a consequence. Consequences are often applied lawfully, if at all. Having noted the description of deviance, the definitions of secondary and primary deviance can now be examined, later the importance of secondary deviance in relation to primary deviance will be discussed. Primary deviance is loosely described as the first encounter of a deviant engaging in deviant behaviors. Primary deviance being the first deviant acts performed by someone, this deviant person considers their actions to be legitimate and authorized. Sykes and Matza proposed the theory of neutralization techniques, which are “justifications for deviant behavior” (1957). In the process of committing an act of primary deviance, one drifts from social conformity into strange disobedient conduct. In doing so, the deviant risks receiving minor social sanctions. It is at this point that the deviant would begin to exploit neutralization techniques to justify the actions they have committed, interrupting any degradation that could be attributed to their self-image. For example, in the case of Trayvon Martin versus George Zimmerman, 28-year-old Zimmerman shot and killed 17-year-old Martin (Botello and Yan 2013). Martin was unarmed and Zimmerman told police he had to defend himself. To declare that he had to “defend” himself was to resort to neutralization, to protect his self-image. In Zimmerman's mind, his actions were authorized and legitimate. Hoping to avoid social sanctions, he provided this explanation for carrying out the acts he committed. edition.cnn.com/2013/07/13/justice/zimmerman-trial/4. Braithwaite, John. (1989) “Social Conditions Conducive to Reintegrative Shame,” Crime, Shame and Reintegration. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 84-97.5. Jamjoom, Mohammed. (2013) “Women who defy Saudi Arabia's driving ban fear repercussions. » CNN. Cable News Network. (Online Journal), retrieved from World Wide Web: April 5, 2014 http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/28/world/meast/saudi-women-drivers/index.html?iref=allsearch6. Lemert, Edwin, (1951) “Sociopathic Individuation - Chapter 4” From Lemert, Edwin, Social Pathology pp. 73-98, New York, McGraw Hill7. Lemert, Edwin. 1967. Human Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall8. Marshall, Gordon, 1998. A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.