What role did religion play in the discourses of justification and abolition that emerged in the 19th century in both the antebellum South and the 'Ottoman Empire? Religion played an important role in the discourse used to justify as well as challenge slavery in the Ottoman Empire and the Antebellum South. These two slave societies deployed Islam and Christianity respectively in the rhetoric of slavery that emerged as early as the 18th century and continued to reinterpret Scripture over time to support one side or the other. The abolitionist impulse in America grew out of Jefferson's Enlightenment idea, which called for religious awakening. Northern Quakers and evangelicals have pushed for this religious revival in hopes of undoing what they call the "greatest sin ever committed against the will of God." In the early 19th century, the evangelical abolitionist movement emerged alongside the formation of "abolitionist churches." According to John Mckivigan, the American abolitionist movement emerged "in the 1930s as a byproduct of the rise of revivalism, popularly known as the Second Great Awakening." This meant harsh criticism of slavery using Christian rhetoric that characterized slavery as "a personal sin...which demanded immediate and complete repentance in the form of emancipation." Christianity has come here to hold masters morally responsible for their participation in sin. Before the emergence of the abolitionist movement in the United States, only a few small churches criticized the evil and inhumane nature of slavery. Yet small denominational churches, such as the Quakers, resisted slavery using Christian teachings. They asserted that to gain God's favor, Christianity must return to "its original form untainted by principle...... middle of paper......, and Maurice J. Bric. A global history of anti-slavery politics in the 19th century. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Puckett, Newbell N. The Magic and Popular Beliefs of the Southern Negro. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1926. Reprinted by Dover, New York, 1969. Robert Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination, 1994. Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion: The “Invisible Institution” in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press USA, 2004. Segal, Ronald. Black slaves of Islam: the other black diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001. Snay, Mitchell. Gospel of Disunity: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Toledano, Ehud R. Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998.