When Afghanistan was beginning to form as a nation in the 1700s, two of the greatest world powers of that era were advancing on Afghanistan: Britain at western India and Russia to the east. "England was busy conquering India between 1757 and 1857," writes Visalli, "and Russia was extending its control eastward and was on the border of Afghanistan by 1828." The most lucrative export that England exported from its new colony, India, was opium, and by 1770 Britain had a monopoly on opium production in India and ensured that cultivation spread also to Afghanistan (the border between the two was poorly defined). defined until 1893). In 1859, England took control of all Afghan territory between the Indus and the Hindu Kush, including Balochistan, thereby denying Afghanistan access to the sea. England again invaded the Afghanistan in 1878 overthrew the ruling monarch and forced the new government to become a British protectorate, i.e. making Afghanistan dependent and under the rule of the British monarch, subject to war, plunder, land grabbing and economic development. paralyzing, occupation. The British invasions embittered the Afghan people, creating a sense of xenophobia that created powerful resistance to Western-style reforms proposed by Afghan leaders in the years to come. Power in its most abusive abuses divides and conquers forever. In 1893, England created the "Durand Line", an arbitrary 1,500-mile border between "British" India and Afghanistan that made Britain's previous territorial gains permanent and laid claim to the northern border provinces. -West, long considered part of Afghanistan. Without consulting the Afghan government, a 1907 Anglo-Russian convention made the border “permanent.” The capture of these provinces divided the... middle of paper ...... NATO aggression and occupation and timely Western support for one or another indigenous force or oppressive regional. “The United States,” RAWA commented on this occasion, “wants the world to know that they are responsible for establishing order in the world and that nothing in the world changes without their will, so that they can expand their presence in the world. region by gathering our enemies of different species and gripping their leashes in his hands. The group went on to say that the United States “can create a regime that is much more mafia-like, dependent, corrupt, anti-people and more ridiculous than the one that currently exists in our country; and after the expiration date of his filthy creations, he will take each one by the tail and toss them aside like mice. …These “insulting and painful games,” RAWA said, “are being played with our suffering nation.…” However, they said,