As previously stated in the sections above, the definition of election fraud does not have a concrete definition. However, Jocelyn Friedrichs Benson, dean of the law school at Wayne State University in Detroit and author of "Vote Fraud or Voter Defrauded," explained that many people participate in the voting process and, therefore, cases such that electoral fraud will inevitably occur. This article defines election fraud as “when one or more entities involved in the political process intentionally commits a fraudulent act that prevents the outcome of an election from reflecting the will of a majority of people” (Benson 2009, 1). There are different types of electoral fraud. frauds that we will examine in the section. The first type is “voter-initiated” and this fraud encompasses fraudulent and deceptive acts that voters commit (Benson 2009, 6). Examples of voter-initiated initiatives include voting on behalf of others, voting multiple times, or impersonating a voter. In the case of voter-initiated fraud, if left unchecked, it can lead to fewer votes cast by honest people (Benson 2009, 8). However, this type is not as effective as Lorraine C. Minnite, director of the urban studies program at Rutger University and author of "The Myth of Voter Fraud" explains that "almost no one knowingly and willingly voted illegally in the United States today. (Minnitte 2010, 6). This is because most acts of voter-initiated fraud are not recorded and discovered later or these acts are caused by deceptive acts of those manipulating voters. The other type of fraud is called “voter-targeted” fraud, and this fraud is the actions of those who attempt to induce voters to engage in fraudulent behavior (Benson 2009, 6). Examples of this type of ...... middle of paper ...... and their existence was supposed to stop acts of electoral fraud (Benson 2009, 8). The next section will explain more about voter suppression. ReferencesBenson, Jocelyn Friedrichs. 2009. Electoral fraud or defrauded electorate? : Highlight inconsistent consideration of electoral fraud. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=c5500901-2caa-4f7b50972208d35%40sssionmgr112&vid=11hid&=106&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGI2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=36634538. (April 11, 2014) Fund, John H. 2004. Stealing Elections: How Voter Fraud Threatens Our Democracy. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzEzMTg3OF9fQU41?sid=39be1f12-03e8-4fb4-8f53-c5e32341ba76@sessionmgr198&vid=1&format=EB&lpid=lp_27&rid=0 (April 9, 2014) , Loraine C 2010. The myth of electoral fraud. New York: Cornell University Press. McGrath, Michael. 2012. New York Times. 2012. Brief article. February 5.