5) Employee Engagement – ​​An individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm toward the organization. The main theories in this area are: Cognitive dissonance refers to a scenario involving conflicting attitudes and beliefs. or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an associated change in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance, etc. For example, once people smoke (behavior) and they understand that smoking causes cancer (cognition). Festinger's (1957) dissonance theory of psychological characteristics suggests that we have an associated inner drive to keep all of our attitudes and beliefs harmonious and to avoid any inharmony (or dissonance). Attitudes can change due to factors specific to the person. A key issue here is the principle of consistency of psychological characteristics, which is the main focus of Festinger's (1957) theory of dissonance of psychological characteristics. This theory works from the idea that we tend to achieve consistency in our beliefs and attitudes in any scenario where two cognitions square measure.