Today, in industry in general, employees are sometimes required to work in confined spaces not designed for normal occupancy. Examples of these types of locations include, but are not limited to, storage tanks, sewers, underground vaults, silos, and pipelines. These types of confined spaces carry dangers of entrapment, engulfment, and hazardous atmospheric conditions. Because of these hazards, it is the responsibility of employers to identify confined space requirements and mitigate the hazards to the lowest possible level. This is typically done through training and a written program that meets the requirements set forth in federal regulations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets the standards for confined spaces requiring permitting with 29CFR 1910.146, which applies to all industry in general. This standard was introduced on January 14, 1993 and came into effect on April 15, 1993. However, the proposal for this standard began several years earlier after review of accident data revealed the need for a regulation. OSHA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (54 FR 24080) in June 1989, after determining that asphyxia was the leading cause of death in confined spaces. An OSHA review of accident data also found cases of victims being burned, coming into contact with moving augers, and crushed by rotating parts inside machines. OSHA believes that, as stated in the NPRM (54 FR 24098), failure to take appropriate precautions for permitted space entry operations has resulted in fatalities, as opposed to injuries, more frequently than would be predicted using applicable Bureau of Labor Statistics models. (www.OSHA.gov). While determining what rulemaking should consist of, OSHA studied information already collected by the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).